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base to permit or deny access The rest, those that collect information for later analysis, can dial the network when the phone lines are not in use or store the information and transmit it later As such, the fundamental notion is that the card is read by a device which verifies that the information has been validated by the US government, which passes the contact information forward into a central database, and may return biometric information (to permit a fraud check on the card) as well as access permission Such a fraud check could be as basic as comparing the presenter s face with the face returned by the network, or as stringent as doing a one-to-one comparison of a biometric presented, such as a fingerprint or an iris, with its stored template Conversely, the national ID card should be designed so that it can only be read by checkpoint authorities, and not any official (for example, street policemen) for whatever reason This design feature can be achieved by legal and technical means Legal means would include making it a criminal offense for overzealous police officers to demand such ID cards unless certain criteria were met and providing for stiff penalties for violators Police officers could be required to give an equivalent Miranda-like warning when stopping individuals on the street: You have the right to refuse to produce your national identification card Exploiting technical means includes encrypting the alphanumeric; this step requires the card-reading device (CRD) to have decryption keys If there is only one such key, and a card-reading device falls into the wrong hands, the degree of tamper resistance required to hide the key indefinitely is likely to be very high, and perhaps not feasible Devious and clever cryptographers and electrical engineers do exist Alternatively, card-reading devices could forward encrypted traffic to one central point (plus backups) for decryption prior to entering in the database If few such points are guarded they should be safe; but it also means that checkpoints cannot control access in real-time if the network is down or otherwise very slow Access control is a network problem with or without encryption There are various ways to encode information onto an ID card, each with its own features and risks:.

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N F = SF ( x1 , x3 , x4 , x5 )CF ( x3 , x4 , x5 ) The system equation and boundary conditions can also be written as

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A magnetic strip is easy to read and copy A bar code could also be swept by a wand and read, but if information is encrypted and authenticated, there will be too many bits to be read by a swipe Something that can read a two-dimensional barcode will be needed instead A proximity card is easy to read, and does not have to be removed from a wallet or purse to work The next generation of embedded chips can hold enough bits to carry encryption and authentication data Proximity cards can also be read without their holders knowing it a way of clandestinely tracking holders who may otherwise avoid checkpoints But this requires that people move past the checkpoint through a narrow opening such as a turnstile, and card-reading devices be powerful and sensitive enough to detect ID cards from a distance

Figure 9.4 When you use a hardfirst strategy, the time to test is long for the first few components, and then it gets shorter as more dependencies are refactored away.

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If the card is engineered as a powered electronic device, as opposed to a passive conveyor of information, it can, itself, query the card-reading device and respond only to those specifically authorized to read a card (for example, the card may be used as a credit card and thus accessible to some merchants but not others and not to state policemen who ask for driver s licenses) In addition, a powered device with a keypad can permit messages to be digitally signed, and power requires an energy source, like batteries, which adds logistical complications (for example, batteries die)

With this strategy, you could be spending a day or more to get even the simplest tests going on the more complex components. But notice the quick decline in the time required to write the test relative to the slow incline in figure 9.3. Every time you bring a component under test and refactor it to make it more testable, you may also be solving testability issues for the dependencies it uses, or for other components. Specifically because that component has lots of dependencies, refactoring it can improve things for other parts of the system. That s why the quick decline appears. The hard-first strategy is only possible if your team has experience in unit-testing techniques, because it s harder to implement. If your team does have experience, use the priority aspect of components to choose whether to start with the hard or easy components first. You might want to choose a mix, but it s important that you know in advance how much effort will be involved and what the possible consequences are.

0 1 0 0 x( 0) = 0 , x(1) = 1 0 0 0 0

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If an identity card is a bridge into a database, then the contents of the database are what matter Such a national identification database system would be organized by the alphanumeric of the national ID card holders The database system would hold personal identification information about each national ID card holder, such as citizenship status and proof of citizenship (for example, birth certificate and naturalization papers) for holders The system would consist of four types of national identification databases that would hold: biometric data, checkpoint events, ancillary government data, and optional authentication features, such as a private digital signature key Each database would be keyed to a person s unique alphanumeric

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